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<title>Event-driven programming</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Event-driven programming</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, <b>event-driven programming</b> is a <a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigm</a> in which the <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">flow of the program</a> is determined by external <a href="Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a>. <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">UI</a> events from <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mice</a>, <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboards</a>, <a href="Touchpads" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchpads">touchpads</a> and <a href="Touchscreens" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchscreens">touchscreens</a>, and external <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> inputs are common cases. Events may also be programmatically generated, such as from <a href="Message_passing" title="Message passing">messages from other programs</a>, notifications from other <a href="Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a>, or other <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> events.

</p><p>Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> applications and network servers.

</p><p>In an event-driven application, there is generally an <a href="Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a> that listens for events and then triggers a <a href="Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callback function</a> when one of those events is detected.

</p><p>Event-driven programs can be written in any <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, although the task is easier in languages that provide <a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">high-level abstractions</a>.

</p><p>Although they do not exactly fit the event-driven model, <a href="Interrupt_handler" title="Interrupt handler">interrupt handling</a> and <a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> have many similarities.

</p><p>It is important to differentiate between <a href="Event-driven_messaging" title="Event-driven messaging">event-driven</a> and <a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">message-driven (aka queue driven)</a> paradigms: Event-driven services (e.g. <a href="Amazon_Simple_Notification_Service" title="Amazon Simple Notification Service">AWS SNS</a>) are decoupled from their consumers. Whereas queue / message driven services (e.g. <a href="Amazon_Simple_Queue_Service" title="Amazon Simple Queue Service">AWS SQS</a>) are coupled with their consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Event_loop">Event loop</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Event_loop" title="Event loop">Event loop</a></div><p>Because the <a href="Main_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Main loop">event loop</a> of retrieving/dispatching of events are common amongst applications, many programming frameworks take care of their implementation and expect the user to provide only the code for the event handlers.

</p><p><a href="IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a>, an early programming language from <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, whose 1960s design concept was similar to event-driven programming discussed above, provided a built-in main <a href="I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> loop (known as the "program cycle") where the calculations responded in accordance to 'indicators' (<a href="Flag_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag (computing)">flags</a>) that were set earlier in the cycle.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_handlers">Event handlers</h3></div>

<p>The actual logic is contained in event-handler routines. These routines handle the events to which the main program will respond. For example, a single left-button mouse-click on a command button in a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> program may trigger a routine that will open another window, save data to a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> or exit the application. Many <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> provide the programmer with GUI event templates, allowing the programmer to focus on writing the event code.

</p><p>Keeping track of history is normally trivial in a sequential program. Because event handlers execute in response to external events, correctly structuring the handlers to work when called in any order can require special attention and planning in an event-driven program.

</p><p>In addition to writing the event handlers, event handlers also need to be bound to events so that the correct function is called when the event takes place. For UI events, many IDEs combine the two steps: double-click on a button, and the editor creates an (empty) event handler associated with the user clicking the button and opens a text window so you can edit the event handler.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_uses">Common uses</h2></div>

<p>Most existing GUI architectures use event-driven programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Samek_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows has an <a href="Message_loop_in_Microsoft_Windows" title="Message loop in Microsoft Windows">event loop</a>. The Java AWT framework processes all UI changes on a single thread, called the <a href="Event_dispatching_thread" title="Event dispatching thread">Event dispatching thread</a>. Similarly, all UI updates in the Java framework <a href="JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a> occur on the JavaFX Application Thread.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most network servers and frameworks such as Node.js are also event-driven.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interrupt_and_exception_handling">Interrupt and exception handling</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_peripheral_operation" title="Autonomous peripheral operation">Autonomous peripheral operation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DOM_events" class="mw-redirect" title="DOM events">DOM events</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture">Event-driven architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_stream_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Event stream processing">Event stream processing</a> (a similar concept)</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li>

<li><a href="Inversion_of_control" title="Inversion of control">Inversion of control</a></li>

<li><a href="Message-oriented_middleware" title="Message-oriented middleware">Message-oriented middleware</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Publish%E2%80%93subscribe_pattern" title="Publish–subscribe pattern">Publish–subscribe pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactor_pattern" title="Reactor pattern">Reactor pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signal programming</a> (a similar concept)</li>

<li><a href="Staged_event-driven_architecture" title="Staged event-driven architecture">Staged event-driven architecture</a> (SEDA)</li>

<li><a href="Time-triggered_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-triggered system">Time-triggered system</a> (an alternative architecture for computer systems)</li>

<li><a href="Virtual_synchrony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual synchrony">Virtual synchrony</a>, a distributed execution model for event-driven programming</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekaranKrishnanFordByars2022" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekaran, Premanand; Krishnan, Karthik; Ford, Neal; Byars, Brandon; Buijze, Allard (2022). <i>Domain-Driven Design with Java - A Practitioner's Guide</i>. Packt Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781800564763</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Samek-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samek_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamek2013" class="citation news cs1">Samek, Miro (April 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/cpp/184401643">"Who Moved My State?"</a>. <i>Dr. Dobb's</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFedortsova2012" class="citation web cs1">Fedortsova, Irina (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/threads/jfxpub-threads.htm">"Concurrency in JavaFX"</a>. <i>JavaFX Documentation Home</i>. Oracle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>The JavaFX scene graph, which represents the graphical user interface of a JavaFX application, is not thread-safe and can only be accessed and modified from the UI thread also known as the JavaFX Application thread.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/nodejs-event-driven-programming/">Event-Driven Programming in Node.js</a>.</span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shairosenfeld.com/concurrency.html">Concurrency patterns presentation</a> given at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scaleconf.org">scaleconf</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eventdrivenpgm.sourceforge.net/">Event-Driven Programming: Introduction, Tutorial, History</a>, tutorial by Stephen Ferg</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alan-g.me.uk/l2p/tutevent.htm">Event-Driven Programming</a>, tutorial by Alan Gauld</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaDev/EventCollaboration.html">Event Collaboration</a>, article by Martin Fowler</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919021358/https://today.java.net/pub/a/today/2003/10/24/swing.html">Rethinking Swing Threading</a>, article by Jonathan Simon</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/cnet/eventdriven.html">The event-driven programming style</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220142724/http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/cnet/eventdriven.html">Archived</a> 2005-02-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, article by Chris McDonald</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050207025012/http://www.codeproject.com/cpp/static-callbacks.asp">Event Driven Programming using Template Specialization</a>, article by Christopher Diggins</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchifferFrohlich1994" class="citation book cs1">Schiffer, S.; Frohlich, J.H. (1994). "Concepts and architecture of Vista-a multiparadigm programming environment". <i>Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>47. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FVL.1994.363642">10.1109/VL.1994.363642</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8186-6660-9</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15927869">15927869</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.eiffel.com/book/method/8-event-driven-programming-and-agents">Event-Driven Programming and Agents</a>, chapter</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208205239/http://zone.ni.com/devzone/devzone.nsf/webcategories/FCE7EA7ECA51169C862567A9005878EA">LabWindows/CVI Resources</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeplex.com/pubsub">Distributed Publish/Subscribe Event System</a>, an open-source example which is in production on MSN.com and Microsoft.com</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigms</a> (<a href="Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison by language</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_function_call_syntax" title="Uniform function call syntax">Uniform function call syntax</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li>

<li><a href="Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li>

<li><a href="Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li>

<li><a href="Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li>

<li><a href="Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li>

<li><a href="Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural-language_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li>

<li><a href="System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li>

<li><a href="Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li>

<li><a href="Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li>

<li><a href="Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic</a> (<a href="Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li>

<li><a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br>of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-oriented_design" title="Data-oriented design">Data-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">Literate</a></li>

<li><a href="Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject-oriented_programming" title="Subject-oriented programming">Subjects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_programming_languages107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_programming_languages107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Types of programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">Compiled</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interpreted</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">Low-level</a></li>

<li><a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">High-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Very_high-level_programming_language" title="Very high-level programming language">Very high-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_generations" title="Programming language generations">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First-generation_programming_language" title="First-generation programming language">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-generation_programming_language" title="Second-generation programming language">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-generation_programming_language" title="Third-generation programming language">Third</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">Fourth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth-generation_programming_language" title="Fifth-generation programming language">Fifth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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